## Kamala Sohoni Biography##

Kamala Sohoni (1911–1998) was a renowned Indian biochemist and the first Indian woman to earn a PhD in a scientific field. Her life and career are a milestone in the history of Indian science, not only for her research contributions but also for breaking gender barriers at a time when women were barred from pursuing scientific careers.Born on June 18, 1911, in Indore, now Madhya Pradesh, Kamala Sohoni (born Bhagwat) grew up in a family that valued education and science. Both her father and uncle were chemists, which sparked her interest in scientific pursuits early on. She completed a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry and Physics from Bombay University (now Mumbai University), graduating at the top of her class. Encouraged by her academic success, she applied for admission to the renowned Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore for postgraduate research.However, her path was not easy. At the time, IISc was headed by Nobel Prize-winning physicist C.V. Raman. Raman initially refused her admission simply because she was a woman. He believed that women were not suited for scientific research and could distract male colleagues. Kamala Sohoni protested this discrimination and persisted in her request. Eventually, Raman allowed her to join IISc on a probationary basis, imposing strict conditions and closely monitoring her performance.Despite the difficult environment, Sohoni excelled in her research. She worked in the Biochemistry Department and proved her ability and dedication by completing her research in a short time. Her success not only changed Raman's mind but also opened the doors of IISc to other future female scientists. Her determination proved to be a turning point for women in Indian scientific institutions.

After completing her work at IISc, Sohoni moved to the United Kingdom to pursue a doctorate at Cambridge University. There, she worked under the guidance of renowned scientists at Newnham College and the Biochemistry Laboratory. She completed her PhD in 1939, becoming the first Indian woman to receive a doctorate in a scientific field. Her doctoral research focused on plant biochemistry, specifically the enzymes involved in cellular respiration in plants.Upon returning to India, Kamala Sohoni began her academic career as a professor and researcher. She worked at several institutions, including Lady Hardinge Medical College in Delhi and later at the Nutrition Research Laboratory in Coonoor. His research interests gradually shifted to nutritional biochemistry, a field crucial to India's public health challenges.One of his most significant contributions was his research on "neera," a drink made from palm tree sap. At the request of India's first President, Rajendra Prasad, Sohoni investigated the nutritional value of neera. His studies revealed that neera is rich in vitamins, especially vitamin C, and could serve as an inexpensive nutritional supplement for malnourished people, especially in rural and tribal areas. His discoveries helped promote neera as a health drink and supported efforts to improve the nutrition of children and mothers in India.Throughout his career, Sohoni emphasized the use of scientific research to solve practical problems, especially those related to malnutrition and food security. He believed that science should serve society and improve the lives of ordinary people. Her work in nutrition science has contributed to policy discussions and programs aimed at reducing food scarcity in India.

In addition to her research, Kamala Sohoni played a key role as a mentor and advocate for women in science. Having experienced discrimination herself, she was committed to supporting young female scientists and ensuring they received equal opportunities. Her personal journey became a powerful example of strength and excellence in the face of discrimination.Sohoni later became the Director of the Royal Institute of Science in Mumbai, another milestone in her illustrious career. She was one of the first women to hold such a high administrative position at an Indian scientific institution. In her leadership role, she continued to promote scientific rigor and social responsibility.Kamala Sohoni passed away on June 28, 1998. Her legacy will forever remain as a pioneer who broke gender barriers in Indian science and made significant contributions to biochemistry and nutrition research. Today, she is remembered not only as a brilliant scientist but also as a symbol of courage and determination.Her life story demonstrates the importance of equal opportunities for all in education and research. By challenging discrimination and achieving outstanding work in her field, Kamala Sohoni paved the way for generations of Indian women scientists. Her achievements remind us that talent and dedication have no gender identity, and that perseverance can transform both institutions and societies.